Charles Bronson
Date of birth (location)
3 November 1921
Ehrenfeld, Pennsylvania, USA
Date of death (details)
30 August 2003
Los Angeles, California, USA. (pneumonia and Alzheimer's disease)
The archetypal screen tough guy with weatherbeaten features--one film critic described his rugged looks as "a Clark Gable who had been left out in the sun too long"--Charles Bronson was born Charles Buchinski, one of 14 children of struggling Lithuanian immigrant parents in Pennsylvania (his father was a coal miner). He completed high school and joined his father in the mines (an experience that resulted in a lifetime fear of being in enclosed spaces) and then served in WW II. After his return from the war, Bronson used the GI Bill Of Rights to study art (a passion he had for the rest of his life), then enrolled at the Pasadena Playhouse in California. One of his teachers was impressed with the young man and recommended him to director Henry Hathaway, resulting in Bronson making his film debut in You're in the Navy Now (1951). He appeared on screen often early in his career, though often uncredited. However, he made an impact on audiences as the evil assistant to Vincent Price in the 3-D thriller House of Wax (1953). His sinewy yet muscular physique got him cast in action-type roles, often without a shirt to highlight his manly frame. He received positive notices from critics for his performances in Vera Cruz (1954), Target Zero (1955) and Run of the Arrow (1957). Indie director Roger Corman cast him as the lead in his well-received low-budget gangster flick Machine-Gun Kelly (1958), then Bronson scored the lead in his own TV series, "Man with a Camera" (1958). The 1960s proved to be where Bronson made his reputation as a man of few words but much action. Director John Sturges cast him as half Irish/half Mexican gunslinger Bernardo O'Reilly in the smash hit western The Magnificent Seven (1960), and hired him again as tunnel rat Danny Velinski for the WWII POW epic The Great Escape (1963). Several more strong roles followed, then once again Bronson was back in military uniform, alongside Lee Marvin and Ernest Borgnine in the testosterone-filled The Dirty Dozen (1967). European audiences had taken a shine to his minimalist acting style, and he headed to the Continent to star in several action-oriented films, including Bataille de San Sebastian, La (1968) (aka "Guns for San Sebastian"), the cult western C'era una volta il West (1968) (aka "Once Upon a Time in The West"), Passager de la pluie, Le (1969) (aka "Rider On The Rain") and, in one of the quirkier examples of international casting, alongside Japansese screen legend Toshirô Mifune in the western Soleil rouge (1971) (aka "Red Sun"). American audiences were by now keen to see Bronson back on US soil, and he returned triumphantly in the early 1970s to take the lead in more hard-edged crime and western dramas, including The Valachi Papers (1972) and the revenge western Chato's Land (1972). Bronson then hooked up with British director Michael Winner to star in several highly successful urban crime thrillers, including The Mechanic (1972) and Stone Killer, The (1973)_ . However, the film that proved to be a breakthrough for both Bronson and Winner came in 1974 with the release of the highly controversial Death Wish (1974). The US was at the time in the midst of rising street crime, and audiences flocked to see a story about a mild-mannered architect who seeks revenge on hoods, rapists and killers by gunning them down on the streets of New York City. So popular was the film that it spawned four (inferior) sequels over the next 20 years.
Action fans could not get enough of tough guy Bronson, and he appeared in what many fans, and critics, consider his best role--as Depression-era streetfighter Chaney alongside James Coburn in the superb Hard Times (1975). That was followed by the somewhat slow-paced but beautifully photographed western Breakheart Pass (1975) (with wife Jill Ireland), the light-hearted romp From Noon Till Three (1976), and as Soviet agent Grigori Borsov in director Don Siegel's Cold War thriller Telefon (1977). Bronson remained busy throughout the 1980s, with most of his films taking a more violent tone, and he was pitched as an avenging angel eradicating evildoers in films like 10 to Midnight (1983), The Evil That Men Do (1984), Assassination (1987) and Kinjite: Forbidden Subjects (1989). Bronson then put in an interesting performance in the Sean Penn-directed The Indian Runner (1991), and surprised everyone with his appearance as compassionate newspaper editor Francis Church in the family film Yes Virginia, There Is a Santa Claus (1991) (TV).
Bronson's final film roles were as police commissioner Paul Fein in a well-received trio of crime/drama TV movies Family of Cops (1995) (TV), Breach of Faith: Family of Cops II (1997) (TV) and _Family of Cops III (1999) (TV)_ . Unfortunately, ill health began to take its toll; he suffered from Alzheimers disease for several years, and he finally passed away from pneumonia at Los Angeles' Cedars-Sinai Medical Centre in August 2003. Bronson was a true icon of international cinema; critics usually had few good things to say about his films, but he remained a fan favorite in both the US and abroad for 50 years, a claim that few other film stars can make.
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Claude Debussy
Claude Debussy (August 22, 1862 – March 25, 1918)
French composer, exponent of musical impressionism. He studied for 11 years at the Paris Conservatory, receiving its Grand Prix de Rome in 1884 for his cantata L'Enfant Prodigue. After traveling in Europe and Russia, Debussy settled down in Paris in 1887 and devoted himself to composing for the rest of his life. In his music he developed a new fluidity of form and explored unusual harmonic relationships and dissonances. By making use of the whole-tone scale, instead of the traditional scale of Western music, he achieved new nuances of mood and expression, as in his famous tone poem Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune (Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun, 1894). Inspired by a pastoral poem of Mallarmé, it is one of Debussy's most sensuous and evocative orchestral works, lending itself perfectly to ballet. Other outstanding orchestral pieces are his Nocturnes (1899) and La Mer (The Sea, 1905). His piano works exploit to the utmost the subtle coloristic possibilities of the instrument. Among them are Suite bergamasque (pub. 1905), containing the popular Clair de lune; Estampes (1903); The Children's Corner (1908); 24 preludes, including La Cathédrale engloutie (1910); and 12 études. He also wrote many exquisite songs and an opera, Pelléas et Mélisande (1892–1902), based on the drama by Maeterlinck.
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Christopher Lee
Born: 27 May 1922
Birthplace: London, England
Best Known As: Saruman in the Lord of the Rings film trilogy
Name at birth: Christopher Frank Caradini Lee
After a long and distinguished career as one of the biggest movie stars of horror and fantasy, Christopher Lee is now known to film audiences as Saruman the White in The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001) and as Darth Tyranus in the Star Wars epics Episode II: Attack of the Clones (2002) and Episode III: Revenge of the Sith (2005). Lee has been making movies since 1947, and over the years he has played mostly villains and monsters, thanks in part to a long association with the United Kingdom's Hammer Films. His remarkable filmography includes more than 250 films, including: Dracula (1958); The Mummy (1959); The Hands of Orlac (1961); The Gorgon (1964); The Face of Fu Manchu (1962); The Devil Rides Out (1968); The Wicker Man (1973); The Three Musketeers (1973, co-starring Faye Dunaway); The Man With The Golden Gun (1974, with Roger Moore); Airport '77 (1977, starring Jack Lemmon); and Sleepy Hollow (1999, with Johnny Depp).
Lee made nearly two dozen movies with his friend and fellow horror star Peter Cushing... In 1977 he published his autobiography, Tall, Dark and Gruesome.
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he Sixty-Year Chinese Cycle directory:
