Richard Burton
Richard Burton (November 10 1925 – August 5 1984) was a Welsh actor from the late 1940s through the 1980s.
A dark, introspective actor with a splendid speaking voice, Burton specialized in portraying conflicted, frequently tormented, men. He appeared with the Old Vic in Henry V and Othello and on Broadway in Camelot (1960) and Hamlet (1964). His tempestuous marriage to Elizabeth Taylor led to an acting partnership that vaulted Burton to the top rank of stardom. Together, they made Cleopatra (1963), The Taming of the Shrew (1967), and Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966). He chose his later roles less carefully, though he displayed undiminished power in such vehicles as Equus (1977), Wagner (1982), and 1984 (1984). In 1983, he teamed again with Taylor in Noel Coward's Private Lives on Broadway.
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Rock Hudson
Born: 17 November 1925
Birthplace: Winnetka, Illinois
Death: 2 October 1985 (Complications from AIDS)
Best Known As: Hunky movie star of the 1950s and '60s
Name at birth: Leroy Harold Scherer, Jr.
Rock Hudson grew up as Roy Fitzgerald, the name he took after he was adopted by his step-father. Tall and handsome, he was "discovered" and molded into a movie star, appearing as Rock Hudson in dramas such as Magnificent Obsession and, later, Giant (for which he received an Oscar nomination). Then he turned to romantic comedy, and Hudson became one of the top box office stars of the late 1950s and early '60s, frequently appearing in films with Doris Day. In the 1970s Hudson became a TV star, appearing for six years in the hit show McMillan and Wife. In 1985 it was announced that he was dying as a result of AIDS. Since Hudson had been a Hollywood leading man for three decades, the revelation that he was gay was just as shocking to the public as was his terminal illness.
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Rudyard Kipling
Joseph Rudyard Kipling (December 30, 1865 – January 18, 1936)
Educated in England, Kipling returned to India in 1882 and worked as an editor on a Lahore paper. His early poems were collected in Departmental Ditties (1886), Barrack-Room Ballads (1892), and other volumes. His first short stories of Anglo-Indian life appeared in Plain Tales from the Hills (1888) and Soldiers Three (1888). In 1889 he returned to London, where his novel The Light That Failed (1890) appeared. Kipling's masterful stories and poems interpreted India in all its heat, strife, and ennui. His romantic imperialism and his characterization of the true Englishman as brave, conscientious, and self-reliant did much to enhance his popularity. These views are reflected in such well-known poems as “The White Man's Burden,” “Loot,” “Mandalay,” “Gunga Din,” and Recessional (1897).
In London in 1892, he married Caroline Balestier, an American, and lived in Vermont for four years. There he wrote children's stories, The Jungle Book (1894) and Second Jungle Book (1895), Kim (1901), Just So Stories (1902), and Captains Courageous (1897). Returning to England in 1900, he lived in Sussex, the setting of Puck of Pook's Hill (1906). Other works include Stalky and Co. (1899) and his famous poem “If” (1910). England's first Nobel Prize winner in literature (1907), he is buried in Westminster Abbey.
Bibliography
See his Something of Myself (1937); biographies by J. I. M. Stewart (1966), J. Harrison (1982), H. Ricketts (2000), and D. Gilmour (2002); studies by J. M. S. Tompkins (2d ed. 1965), V. A. Shashane (1973), R. F. Moss (1982), and P. Mallett, ed. (1989).
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Romain Rolland
Romain Rolland (January 29, 1866 - December 30, 1944)
French novelist, biographer, playwright, and musicologist. After studying in Paris he spent two crucial years in Rome, where he was influenced by German intellectuals. He wrote biographies of Beethoven (1903, tr. 1909), Michelangelo (1905, tr. 1915), Tolstoy (1911, tr. 1911), and Mahatma Gandhi (1924, tr. 1924). His 10-volume novel Jean-Christophe (1904–12, tr. 1910–13), established his reputation in the literary world. An example of the roman-fleuve, or continuous series of novels, it is a fictional biography of a German-born musician and a study of contemporary French and German civilization. Rolland was awarded the 1915 Nobel Prize in Literature. His genuine pacifistic philosophy and the courage of his convictions, reflected in Above the Battle (1915, tr. 1916), led to self-imposed exile in Switzerland, where he remained until 1938. Among his other works are the play The Wolves (1898, tr. 1937), inspired by the Dreyfus Affair; the seven-volume novel The Soul Enchanted (1922–33, tr. 1925–34); and a biography (1945) of Péguy. Journey Within (2d ed. 1959, tr. 1947) and Mémoires (1956) are autobiographical.
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